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--- lecture_materials:week_00 [2025-08-18 18:21] – created Jeffrey Bergamini
+++ lecture_materials:week_00 [2025-08-19 14:31] (current) – Jeffrey Bergamini
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP round tip>
+===== Monday =====
-===== Slides =====
+{{ :lecture_materials:cabrillo_-_c_boot_camp_-_monday_session.pdf |Pascal Broca: Introduction and Overview}}
+{{ :lecture_materials:monday_camp_development_cycle.pdf |Daria Malysheva: Software Development Cycle}}
+===== Tuesday =====
+==== Scope and Lifetime ====
+{{ :lecture_materials:blocks-scope-lifetime.pdf |Jeffrey Bergamini: Blocks, Scope and Lifetime}}
+=== scopes.cpp (illustrating locally and globally scoped variables) ===
+<file cpp scopes.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]>
+/**
+ * @file scopes.cpp
+ * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu
+ *
+ * Let's see how much you understand/remember about scope and lifetime in C++!
+ */
+#include <iostream>
+int x;
+void f1() {
+  x = 2;
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+}
+void f2(int x) {
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+  {
+    int x;
+    x = 4;
+    std::cout << x << '\n';
+  }
+  x = 5;
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+}
+int main() {
+  x = 1;
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+  f1();
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+  f2(3);
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+  int x;
+  x = 6;
+  std::cout << x << '\n';
+}
+</file>
+<WRAP round info>
+== Notes ==
+Your job: Be the compiler and the shell and determine the output of this program without using any tools other than your mind!
+Then compile and run this code to see if you were right.
 </WRAP>
-===== Monday =====
+=== scopes_annotated.cpp (illustrating locally and globally scoped variables) ===
-Forthcoming
+<file cpp scopes_annotated.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]>
+/**
+ * @file scopes_annotated.cpp
+ * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu
+ *
+ * Let's add *memory addresses* to the output to see which symbol `x` represents in which context.
+ */
-===== Tuesday =====
+#include <iostream>
-TBD
+int x;  // global variable, global scope
+void f1() {
+  x = 2;  // assigns to global variable `x`
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+}
+void f2(int x) {
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+  {
+    int x;  // local variable (local to function `f1()`), scoped within anonymous block
+    x = 4;  // assigns to local variable `x` scoped within anonymous block
+    std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+  }
+  x = 5;  // assigns to local variable `x` (function parameter)
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+}
+int main() {
+  x = 1;  // assigns to global variable (i.e., global var `x` is a *lvalue*)
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+  f1();
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';  // function `f1()` should have mutated global variable `x`
+  f2(3);
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';  // function `f2()` has not mutated global variable `x`
+  int x;                                 // local variable, local scope
+  x = 6;  // assigns to local variable `x` (global `x` is now "shadowed" for the rest of the block)
+  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';
+}
+</file>
+<WRAP round info>
+== Notes ==
+This is the same program, but prints the **memory address** of each variable in question. Note which ''x'' variables are at the same address, i.e. are literally the same integer object.
+</WRAP>
+=== raii.cpp (illustrating the concept of RAII) ===
+<file cpp raii.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]>
+/**
+ * @file raii.cpp
+ * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu
+ *
+ * RAII: "Resource acquisition is initialization"
+ * Perhaps easier to understand: "scope-based resource management"
+ *
+ * An object's resources (memory storage, file handles, etc.) are allocated during initialization,
+ * and released during destruction. When an object's lifetime ends, its resources should be
+ * deallocated/cleaned up/closed/etc.
+ *
+ * We'll run this through `strace` to verify when files are opened/closed:
+ * strace --trace=openat,close ./a.out </srv/datasets/shakespeare-othello.txt
+ */
+#include <cctype>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+// Counts and returns the number of English vowel characters in an input stream.
+size_t count_vowels(std::istream &source) {
+  size_t vowel_count = 0;
+  for (char c; source >> c;) {
+    c = std::tolower(c);
+    if (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u')
+      ++vowel_count;
+  }
+  return vowel_count;
+}
+int main() {
+  std::ifstream hamlet{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-hamlet.txt"};
+  // Preview of subtype polymorphism: A `std::ifstream` *is a* `std::istream`
+  // (i.e., an input stream reading from a file is a specific kind of input stream)
+  std::cout << "Hamlet: " << count_vowels(hamlet) << '\n';
+  std::cout << "Hamlet again: " << count_vowels(hamlet) << '\n';
+  {
+    std::ifstream macbeth{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-macbeth.txt"};
+    std::cout << "Macbeth: " << count_vowels(macbeth) << '\n';
+    // Lifetime of `macbeth` ends here. File will be closed.
+  }
+  std::ifstream othello{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-othello.txt"};
+  std::cout << "Othello: " << count_vowels(othello) << '\n';
+  // std::cin is just a plain input stream:
+  std::cout << "std::cin: " << count_vowels(std::cin) << '\n';
+  // Lifetimes of `hamlet` and `othello` end here.
+  // Will be closed in the opposite order of initialization (`othello`, then `hamlet`)
+}
+</file>
+<WRAP round info>
+== Notes ==
+[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization|RAII]] is a horrible acronym, but understanding its consequences in C++ is important.
+</WRAP>
+=== scope_lifetime_practice.cpp (an opportunity to think and practice) ===
+<file cpp scope_lifetime_practice.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]>
+/**
+ * @file scope_lifetime_practice.cpp
+ * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu
+ *
+ * Some lunchtime practice!
+ */
+#include <cctype>    // for `std::isprint()`
+#include <fstream>   // for `std::ifstream`
+#include <iostream>  // for `std::cout`
+/**
+ * `main()` can have parameters to access *command-line arguments* and *environment variables*.
+ *
+ * @param argc argument count: the number of command-line arguments (including the executable name)
+ * @param argv argument values: an array of C strings containing the command-line arguments
+ */
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  // Exit with an error message if command-line arguments weren't provided:
+  if (argc < 3) {
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " FILE1 FILE2\n";
+    return 1;  // nonzero exit status reports unsuccessful termination to the shell
+  }
+  // Attempt to open the two files specified as command-line arguments:
+  std::ifstream f1(argv[1]);
+  std::ifstream f2(argv[2]);
+  if (!f1 || !f2) {
+    std::cerr << "Cannot read from input file(s)\n";
+    return 2;
+  }
+  // TODO: Find all the unique printable characters present in one file and not the other.
+  // Print each unique character and its ASCII encoding, one character per line, in ascending order.
+}
+</file>
+<WRAP round info>
+== Notes ==
+Having some data to test with is useful. I have many textual datasets available. If you have your program in a form that is executable in a terminal, the following commands should work for testing:
+Command:
+<code bash>
+./a.out <(echo suitably) <(echo implausible)
+</code>
+Expected Output:
+<code>
+e	101
+m	109
+p	112
+t	116
+y	121
+</code>
+Command:
+<code bash>
+./a.out <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/genius.txt) <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/injust.txt)
+</code>
+Expected output:
+<code>
+'       39
+,       44
+-       45
+.       46
+J       74
+M       77
+j       106
+k       107
+v       118
+</code>
+Command:
+<code bash>
+./a.out <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/shakespeare-hamlet.txt) <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/shakespeare-macbeth.txt)
+</code>
+Expected Output:
+<code>
+"       34
+#       35
+$       36
+%       37
+*       42
++       43
+/       47
+       48
+       52
+       53
+       54
+       55
+       56
+       57
+<       60
+=       61
+>       62
+@       64
+J       74
+U       85
+X       88
+Z       90
+_       95
+j       106
+~       126
+</code>
+</WRAP>
 ===== Wednesday =====