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lecture_materials:week_00 [2025-08-18 18:21] – created Jeffrey Bergaminilecture_materials:week_00 [2025-08-22 12:59] (current) – Jeffrey Bergamini
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-<WRAP round tip> +===== Monday =====
-===== Slides =====+
  
 +{{ :lecture_materials:cabrillo_-_c_boot_camp_-_monday_session.pdf |Pascal Broca: Introduction and Overview}}
  
 +{{ :lecture_materials:monday_camp_development_cycle.pdf |Daria Malysheva: Software Development Cycle}} 
 +
 +===== Tuesday =====
 +
 +==== Scope and Lifetime ====
 +
 +{{ :lecture_materials:blocks-scope-lifetime.pdf |Jeffrey Bergamini: Blocks, Scope and Lifetime}}
 +
 +=== scopes.cpp (illustrating locally and globally scoped variables) ===
 +
 +<file cpp scopes.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]>
 +/**
 + * @file scopes.cpp
 + * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu
 + *
 + * Let's see how much you understand/remember about scope and lifetime in C++!
 + */
 +
 +#include <iostream>
 +
 +int x;
 +
 +void f1() {
 +  x = 2;
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +}
 +
 +void f2(int x) {
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +  {
 +    int x;
 +    x = 4;
 +    std::cout << x << '\n';
 +  }
 +  x = 5;
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +}
 +
 +int main() {
 +  x = 1;
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +  f1();
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +  f2(3);
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +  int x;
 +  x = 6;
 +  std::cout << x << '\n';
 +}
 +</file>
 +
 +<WRAP round info>
 +== Notes ==
 +
 +Your job: Be the compiler and the shell and determine the output of this program without using any tools other than your mind!
 +
 +Then compile and run this code to see if you were right.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-===== Monday =====+=== scopes_annotated.cpp (illustrating locally and globally scoped variables) ===
  
-Forthcoming+<file cpp scopes_annotated.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]> 
 +/** 
 + * @file scopes_annotated.cpp 
 + * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu 
 + * 
 + * Let's add *memory addresses* to the output to see which symbol `x` represents in which context. 
 + */
  
-===== Tuesday =====+#include <iostream>
  
-TBD+int x;  // global variable, global scope 
 + 
 +void f1() { 
 +  x = 2;  // assigns to global variable `x` 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +} 
 + 
 +void f2(int x) { 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +  { 
 +    int x;  // local variable (local to function `f1()`), scoped within anonymous block 
 +    x = 4;  // assigns to local variable `x` scoped within anonymous block 
 +    std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +  } 
 +  x = 5;  // assigns to local variable `x` (function parameter) 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +} 
 + 
 +int main() { 
 +  x = 1;  // assigns to global variable (i.e., global var `x` is a *lvalue*) 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +  f1(); 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';  // function `f1()` should have mutated global variable `x` 
 +  f2(3); 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n';  // function `f2()` has not mutated global variable `x` 
 +  int x;                                 // local variable, local scope 
 +  x = 6;  // assigns to local variable `x` (global `x` is now "shadowed" for the rest of the block) 
 +  std::cout << &x << '\t' << x << '\n'; 
 +} 
 +</file> 
 + 
 +<WRAP round info> 
 +== Notes == 
 + 
 +This is the same program, but prints the **memory address** of each variable in question. Note which ''x'' variables are at the same address, i.e. are literally the same integer object. 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 +=== raii.cpp (illustrating the concept of RAII) === 
 + 
 +<file cpp raii.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]> 
 +/** 
 + * @file raii.cpp 
 + * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu 
 + * 
 + * RAII: "Resource acquisition is initialization" 
 + * Perhaps easier to understand: "scope-based resource management" 
 + * 
 + * An object's resources (memory storage, file handles, etc.) are allocated during initialization, 
 + * and released during destruction. When an object's lifetime ends, its resources should be 
 + * deallocated/cleaned up/closed/etc. 
 + * 
 + * We'll run this through `strace` to verify when files are opened/closed: 
 + * strace --trace=openat,close ./a.out </srv/datasets/shakespeare-othello.txt 
 + */ 
 + 
 +#include <cctype> 
 +#include <fstream> 
 +#include <iostream> 
 + 
 +// Counts and returns the number of English vowel characters in an input stream. 
 +size_t count_vowels(std::istream &source) { 
 +  size_t vowel_count = 0; 
 +  for (char c; source >> c;) { 
 +    c = std::tolower(c); 
 +    if (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u') 
 +      ++vowel_count; 
 +  } 
 +  return vowel_count; 
 +} 
 + 
 +int main() { 
 +  std::ifstream hamlet{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-hamlet.txt"}; 
 +  // Preview of subtype polymorphism: A `std::ifstream` *is a* `std::istream` 
 +  // (i.e., an input stream reading from a file is a specific kind of input stream) 
 +  std::cout << "Hamlet: " << count_vowels(hamlet) << '\n'; 
 +  std::cout << "Hamlet again: " << count_vowels(hamlet) << '\n'; 
 +  { 
 +    std::ifstream macbeth{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-macbeth.txt"}; 
 +    std::cout << "Macbeth: " << count_vowels(macbeth) << '\n'; 
 +    // Lifetime of `macbeth` ends here. File will be closed. 
 +  } 
 +  std::ifstream othello{"/srv/datasets/shakespeare-othello.txt"}; 
 +  std::cout << "Othello: " << count_vowels(othello) << '\n'; 
 +  // std::cin is just a plain input stream: 
 +  std::cout << "std::cin: " << count_vowels(std::cin) << '\n'; 
 +  // Lifetimes of `hamlet` and `othello` end here. 
 +  // Will be closed in the opposite order of initialization (`othello`, then `hamlet`) 
 +} 
 +</file> 
 + 
 +<WRAP round info> 
 +== Notes == 
 + 
 +[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization|RAII]] is a horrible acronym, but understanding its consequences in C++ is important. 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 +=== scope_lifetime_practice.cpp (an opportunity to think and practice) === 
 + 
 +<file cpp scope_lifetime_practice.cpp [enable_line_numbers=true]> 
 +/** 
 + * @file scope_lifetime_practice.cpp 
 + * @author Jeffrey Bergamini for CS 19 Boot Camp, jeffrey.bergamini@cabrillo.edu 
 + * 
 + * Some lunchtime practice! 
 + */ 
 + 
 +#include <cctype>    // for `std::isprint()` 
 +#include <fstream>   // for `std::ifstream` 
 +#include <iostream>  // for `std::cout` 
 + 
 +/** 
 + * `main()` can have parameters to access *command-line arguments* and *environment variables*. 
 + * 
 + * @param argc argument count: the number of command-line arguments (including the executable name) 
 + * @param argv argument values: an array of C strings containing the command-line arguments 
 + */ 
 +int main(int argc, char **argv) { 
 +  // Exit with an error message if command-line arguments weren't provided: 
 +  if (argc < 3) { 
 +    std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " FILE1 FILE2\n"; 
 +    return 1;  // nonzero exit status reports unsuccessful termination to the shell 
 +  } 
 +  // Attempt to open the two files specified as command-line arguments: 
 +  std::ifstream f1(argv[1]); 
 +  std::ifstream f2(argv[2]); 
 +  if (!f1 || !f2) { 
 +    std::cerr << "Cannot read from input file(s)\n"; 
 +    return 2; 
 +  } 
 +  // TODO: Find all the unique printable characters present in one file and not the other. 
 +  // Print each unique character and its ASCII encoding, one character per line, in ascending order. 
 +} 
 +</file> 
 + 
 +<WRAP round info> 
 +== Notes == 
 + 
 +Having some data to test with is useful. I have many textual datasets available. If you have your program in a form that is executable in a terminal, the following commands should work for testing: 
 + 
 +Command: 
 +<code bash> 
 +./a.out <(echo suitably) <(echo implausible) 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +Expected Output: 
 +<code> 
 +e 101 
 +m 109 
 +p 112 
 +t 116 
 +y 121 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +Command: 
 +<code bash> 
 +./a.out <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/genius.txt) <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/injust.txt) 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +Expected output: 
 +<code> 
 +'       39 
 +,       44 
 +-       45 
 +.       46 
 +J       74 
 +M       77 
 +j       106 
 +k       107 
 +v       118 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +Command: 
 +<code bash> 
 +./a.out <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/shakespeare-hamlet.txt) <(curl -s https://jeff.cis.cabrillo.edu/datasets/shakespeare-macbeth.txt) 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +Expected Output: 
 +<code> 
 +"       34 
 +#       35 
 +$       36 
 +%       37 
 +*       42 
 ++       43 
 +/       47 
 +0       48 
 +4       52 
 +5       53 
 +6       54 
 +7       55 
 +8       56 
 +9       57 
 +<       60 
 +=       61 
 +>       62 
 +@       64 
 +J       74 
 +U       85 
 +X       88 
 +Z       90 
 +_       95 
 +j       106 
 +~       126 
 +</code> 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ===== Wednesday ===== ===== Wednesday =====
  
-TBD+{{ :lecture_materials:ai.pdf |Daria Malysheva: How AI Chatbots Work (High-Level Principles)}}
  
 ===== Thursday ===== ===== Thursday =====
  
-TBD+{{ :lecture_materials:thursday_cs_career_paths_presentation.pdf |Computer Science Career Paths 
 +& Programming Languages Guide}}
  
 ===== Friday ===== ===== Friday =====
  
-TBD+{{ :lecture_materials:friday_wrap_up.pdf |Some ideas of how to keep growing in CS and C/C++}}
lecture_materials/week_00.1755566467.txt.gz · Last modified: by Jeffrey Bergamini