Quoth the arbiter of all human information:

The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and its roads cross national borders. It also reaches Central Asian countries like Kyrgyzstan, since they are members of the UNECE.

GitHub user Lasse Westh-Nielsen posted a CSV representation of much of the E-road network in September of 2016. A slightly modified version of this data (with country names more amenable to Google Maps) is available on our server in file /srv/datasets/e-roads.csv.

Each of the 1239 lines in the file consists of 7 comma-delimited tokens describing a road segment:

1. A road number, e.g. E05
2. An origin country name, e.g. Denmark
3. An origin place name, e.g. Ålborg
4. A destination country name
5. A destination place name
6. The distance of the segment (as an integer in km)
7. Whether the segment is a water crossing (true or false)

Here are the lines from the file regarding E-road E5:

E05,UK,Greenock,UK,Glasgow,40,false
E05,UK,Glasgow,UK,Gretna,142,false
E05,UK,Gretna,UK,Carlisle,16,false
E05,UK,Carlisle,UK,Penrith,40,false
E05,UK,Penrith,UK,Preston,109,false
E05,UK,Preston,UK,Warrington,49,false
E05,UK,Warrington,UK,Birmingham,128,false
E05,UK,Birmingham,UK,Newbury,166,false
E05,UK,Newbury,UK,Southampton,71,false
E05,UK,Southampton,France,Le Havre,207,true
E05,France,Le Havre,France,Paris,196,false
E05,France,Paris,France,Orléans,134,false
E05,France,Orléans,France,Tours,118,false
E05,France,Tours,France,Poitiers,101,false
E05,France,Poitiers,France,Bordeaux,256,false
E05,France,Bordeaux,Spain,San Sebastián,243,false
E05,Spain,San Sebastián,Spain,Burgos,246,false
E05,Spain,Burgos,Spain,Madrid,250,false
E05,Spain,Madrid,Spain,Cordóba,391,false
E05,Spain,Cordóba,Spain,Sevilla,141,false
E05,Spain,Sevilla,Spain,Cádiz,122,false
E05,Spain,Cádiz,Spain,Algeciras,117,false

For the purposes of this assignment, consider each road segment to be an undirected (or bidirectional) edge in a graph representing the E-road network.

Use the following skeleton code as a template for your class. Several doctests are included for testing purposes, and to demonstrate the expected return value of method shortest_path(). Note the potentially different paths when water crossings are included vs. excluded.

e_roads.py

"""
CS 20P: Shortest paths in the international E-road network.
"""
 
import collections
import heapq
import sys
 
 
class ERoadNetwork:
  """ Graph-based representation of the E-road network. """
 
  def __init__(self, include_water=True):
    """
    Initializes a path-finding object, optionally excluding water crossings.
    """
    pass  # TODO
 
  def shortest_path(self, src: str, dst: str) -> tuple[tuple, tuple, str] | None:
    """
    Returns several representations of the shortest path from `src` to `dst`.
    :param src: the starting location
    :param dst: the ending location
    :return: `None` if no path exists, or a tuple of three representations of the shortest path,
             as in the doctests below:
 
    >>> path_finder = ERoadNetwork()
    >>> import pprint
    >>> pprint.pprint(path_finder.shortest_path('Greenock, UK', 'Edinburgh, UK'))
    (('Greenock, UK', 'Glasgow, UK', 'Edinburgh, UK'),
     (('E05', ('Greenock, UK', 'Glasgow, UK')),
      ('E16', ('Glasgow, UK', 'Edinburgh, UK'))),
     'https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Greenock,+UK/Glasgow,+UK/Edinburgh,+UK')
    >>> pprint.pprint(path_finder.shortest_path('Stockholm, Sweden', 'Tallinn, Estonia'))
    (('Stockholm, Sweden', 'Tallinn, Estonia'),
     (('E20', ('Stockholm, Sweden', 'Tallinn, Estonia')),),
     'https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Stockholm,+Sweden/Tallinn,+Estonia')
    >>> land_only = ERoadNetwork(include_water=False)
    >>> pprint.pprint(land_only.shortest_path('Stockholm, Sweden', 'Tallinn, Estonia'))
    (('Stockholm, Sweden',
      'Sundsvall, Sweden',
      'Umeå, Sweden',
      'Luleå, Sweden',
      'Haparanda, Sweden',
      'Tornio, Finland',
      'Kemi, Finland',
      'Oulu, Finland',
      'Jyväskylä, Finland',
      'Lahti, Finland',
      'Helsinki, Finland',
      'Vaalimaa, Finland',
      'Sankt-Peterburg, Russia',
      'Tallinn, Estonia'),
     (('E04',
       ('Stockholm, Sweden',
        'Sundsvall, Sweden',
        'Umeå, Sweden',
        'Luleå, Sweden',
        'Haparanda, Sweden',
        'Tornio, Finland',
        'Kemi, Finland')),
      ('E75',
       ('Kemi, Finland',
        'Oulu, Finland',
        'Jyväskylä, Finland',
        'Lahti, Finland',
        'Helsinki, Finland')),
      ('E18',
       ('Helsinki, Finland', 'Vaalimaa, Finland', 'Sankt-Peterburg, Russia')),
      ('E20', ('Sankt-Peterburg, Russia', 'Tallinn, Estonia'))),
     'https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Stockholm,+Sweden/Sundsvall,+Sweden/Umeå,+Sweden/Luleå,+Sweden/Haparanda,+Sweden/Tornio,+Finland/Kemi,+Finland/Oulu,+Finland/Jyväskylä,+Finland/Lahti,+Finland/Helsinki,+Finland/Vaalimaa,+Finland/Sankt-Peterburg,+Russia/Tallinn,+Estonia')
    """
    pass  # TODO

Sample executable cs20p_e_roads exists on the server and prints the expected path and Google Maps URL given two locations as command-line arguments, optionally excluding water crossings if you add a third command-line argument:

% cs20p_e_roads 'Greenock, UK' 'Madrid, Spain'
Greenock, UK
Glasgow, UK
Gretna, UK
Carlisle, UK
Penrith, UK
Preston, UK
Warrington, UK
Birmingham, UK
Newbury, UK
Southampton, UK
Le Havre, France
Paris, France
Orléans, France
Tours, France
Poitiers, France
Bordeaux, France
San Sebastián, Spain
Burgos, Spain
Madrid, Spain
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Greenock,+UK/Glasgow,+UK/Gretna,+UK/Carlisle,+UK/Penrith,+UK/Preston,+UK/Warrington,+UK/Birmingham,+UK/Newbury,+UK/Southampton,+UK/Le+Havre,+France/Paris,+France/Orléans,+France/Tours,+France/Poitiers,+France/Bordeaux,+France/San+Sebastián,+Spain/Burgos,+Spain/Madrid,+Spain
 
% cs20p_e_roads 'Greenock, UK' 'Madrid, Spain' uh oh 
No path from Greenock, UK to Madrid, Spain!

(Geocoding for this map was done using the Google Geocoding API, which may not exactly match the intent of some of these place names. But should be roughly correct.)

Start city: End city: Exclude water crossings:

cs20p_e_roads "Greenock, UK" "Madrid, Spain"

Submit e_roads.py via turnin.